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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD are prescribed medication. It can ease symptoms but it can also trigger negative side effects. Consult your physician when you experience any side effects. Stimulants are the most common kind of prescription medication that healthcare providers prescribe for ADHD. These drugs increase the levels of brain chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters that control the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a first-choice stimulant used to treat ADHD in adults and children. It is a stimulant that increases activity in the parts of the brain that assist manage attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate is also sometimes used to treat other ailments like the disorder known as narcolepsy. It can help patients with Narcolepsy to stay awake throughout the day and increase their ability to concentrate and pay attention. This medication has a high risk of abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. It is recommended to take this medication exactly as prescribed to decrease the chance of abuse and side effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms in some people. It can also cause worse behavior and tics for some people suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before starting this medication, people with these conditions should consult their doctor. Inform your doctor if you are any other health issues or if you are allergic to dyes or foods. (For example tartrazine is a yellow color that can be found in processed food items as well as in some medications. If you're taking Adhansia, XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain medications, including opioids, antidepressants, and monoamine oxide inhibitors. These include isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue, rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or the tranylcypromine. It is also essential to stay clear of alcohol and other stimulant drugs when taking methylphenidate. They can have a negative impact on your blood pressure or heart rate. The methylphenidate tablets that are immediate-release (Ritalin) and chewable tablets with long-acting properties and long-acting orally disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain Phenylalanine, which is dangerous if you have a genetic condition called Phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant medication that works within the brain to improve mood and reduce symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which is a condition that occurs during the winter and fall seasons. It can also be used to aid people in quitting smoking by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. A number of studies conducted on adults have revealed that bupropion can improve ADHD symptoms when compared to placebo. The pooled fixed-effect RR for week-6 improvement (using an improvement that is clinically significant of 30% or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95 percent of the interval 0.95 to 1.37) and, for overall response, the proportion of improved subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion treatment group, compared with 37 percent in the placebo group. Bupropion could cause serious and even life-threatening interactions if taken in conjunction together with other drugs. These include sedatives and antidepressants along with blood pressure medications. It may also increase seizure risk in people who have a history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is also contraindicated for use in people with certain medical conditions. It should not be taken by women who are nursing or pregnant. Bupropion comes in the form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviated TCAs) are a group of medications that affect brain chemicals. They were among the first antidepressants to be that were developed, and though they are no longer the first-line treatment for depression, they can still be effective in some people with other ailments. They work by inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine serotonin and noradrenaline, increasing their presence in neurons. They can also be used to treat a variety of other conditions, including pain syndromes, enuresis like fibromyalgia and phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are effective in treating ADHD symptoms, whether they are prescribed alone or combined with stimulants. They can alleviate symptoms that are core to the disorder and reduce depression, anxiety and impulsiveness. Additionally, they can aid in managing disorders like tics, which are repeated uncontrollable movements or sounds like throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can cause adverse effects, such as dry mouth and sedation and can increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. They can also interact negatively with other medications such as anticholinergics, and should not be taken by pregnant women. They are also known to be teratogenic for animals and can cross the placenta. If you are concerned discuss it with your doctor because there are newer antidepressants that have a less harmful side-effects profile. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) The SSRIs are a class of drugs that hinder serotonin reuptake within neurons and aid in increasing the amount of serotonin available for signaling. They also help reduce anxiety and impulse-driven behavior. They are utilized as an adhd medications because they reduce symptoms in some people and may be beneficial along with other medication. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics, and have a low clearance from the body, but they are extensively metabolized the liver through CYP450 isoenzymes. This results in varying blood concentrations. They are also prescribed to treat various disorders, such as major depressive disorder, bulimia nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine and escitalopram and sertraline can help reduce PTSD core symptoms. They aren't effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs may cause an uncommon side effect that can cause sexual dysfunction. If you are thinking about taking one of these medications it is essential to speak with your doctor. It is typical for people to have to test several different kinds of ADHD medications before they find the one that works best for them. There are always new medications being developed and tested. It is important to inform all medications you take to your physician. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) When stimulant drugs do not work for adults with ADHD doctors prescribe a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibit (SNRI). These drugs increase levels of norepinephrine, and serotonin, two brain chemical substances. adult add medication help improve mood and reduce anxiety and depression. SNRIs can cause similar adverse effects as TCAs however, they are more secure. They are used to treat a variety of ailments, including anxiety disorders and chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. They can also be utilized as an additional treatment for depression. The SNRIs are duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine, (Effexor). These drugs work by preventing the absorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine, which is a natural process in the brain following neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal release of phasic. The increased norepinephrine levels help increase concentration and mood. Although SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD Some doctors do use as an alternative to stimulants. They are usually taken orally in the form of pills, however, they can also be taken as liquids or patches. The FDA approved an oral SNRI, called viloxazine or Qelbree for treating ADHD among adolescents and children in April 2021. It is not a controlled medication because it does not have the potential of being misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of serotonin as well as norepinephrine in the brain. They are used to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but aid in the treatment of symptoms of ADHD. SNRI medications such as venlafaxine or duloxetine have been demonstrated in several studies to significantly lower scores on different ADHD questionnaires. SNRIs can raise blood pressure or interact with certain medications. Therefore, it is essential to consult a physician before taking these medications. Additionally, improperly handled medication can harm both people and animals. Therefore, it is essential to follow the correct disposal guidelines. SSRIs and SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but doctors can prescribe them off-label. They are safe and effective, as well as having less negative effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor about your child's symptoms and discuss the pros and cons of these drugs. SNRIs aren't suitable for all people. For instance women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not use SNRIs as they may be absorbed into breast milk. Also, they should not be used by people who suffer from high blood pressure, liver issues or any other cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people who suffer from ADHD discover that medication can help improve their focus and attention. They might also experience less impulse-driven behaviors. The medication is usually combined with behavioral therapy and training to help individuals learn how to manage their symptoms. It takes time to find the right dosage and dosage for each individual. During this time doctors will observe the physical reactions of patients to find a balance between benefits and side effects. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate, enhance the activity of certain brain chemicals that regulate memory and attention. They are generally safe and effective for most people, but they can have serious side consequences, such as decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. These side effects typically disappear after a couple of days as your body adapts to the medication. Children and adults can also use non-stimulant drugs. They take longer to start working, but they can improve concentration and impulse control. They could include alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (atomoxetine, viloxazine) and guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants can also be effective in treating ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain and help with depression and impulsive behavior. Bupropion, a depressant, has been prescribed to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” however, drug companies came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved its use as treatment.